Brazil: 聖保羅的暴動：監獄格子與手機

出自Taipedia

[編輯] 內文

One week has passed since the city of Sao Paulo was paralyzed by gang attacks and the blogosphere in Brazil is wildly spinning the many aspects of this unprecedented confrontation. Here, we will present an overview of the various narratives generated from the multifold and multicolored currents flowing through the ever more popular and impassioned personal journaling of Brazilians.

[編輯] Negritu.de: São Paulo, Brazil on Fire

“Sao Paulo, with a population of 17 million and a land mass which spreads over 3,00 square miles is the world’s third largest city and the largest metropolis in South America. This most modern cosmopolitan city in Brazil, has often been compared to New York because of its attraction, which lies in ethic minority communities, upthrusting skyscrapers, and the outstanding cuisines that the city offers. Apart from the outstanding qualities that this city portrays, it is also considered a home to organized crime groups. The vile and evitable drama, which has really turned ugly, sparked up when around 700 members of the PCC [First Command of the Capital] crime gang were moved from a low to a maximum-security prison to minimize the influence they have had over the years on other inmates. The PCC was formed years ago as a gang within the prison walls to protect the rights of prisoners. Today, they have spread immensely outside the prison system and formed organized crime gangs which deal in drugs, kidnapping and armed robbery in most crucial and economically vibrant Brazilian cities.” São Paulo, Brazil on Fire - Negritu.de - Blog

[編輯] Jaw of 1984: PCC attack's (II)

“I believe I imagine civilization as a circle because I’ve grown up in Sao Paulo. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, there is a close contact between privilege and poverty which does not happen here. From an historical perspective, what differentiates São Paulo is its urban expansion model, which left the poor crowds on the margins of the city. It created a central privileged zone kept orderly by the control of public authorities and a periphery that was invisible. INVISIBLE… Until now!!!! The PCC attacks present a new reality, tearing down the illusion that Sao Paulo was different from other cities. The expansion of the privileged center grew to the poverty zones, crossing to the world beyond the bridge… Sao Paulo is exactly the same as the rest of the country, built upon a brutal inequality which concentrates and does not distribute wealth.” PCC attack’s (II) - Jaw of 1984

[編輯] Video, Spyk

Video editing by Spyk

[編輯] Unimaginable Monday Evening Sao Paulo Empty Avenues

A week ago the whole country incredulously watched the images of the biggest Sao Paulo avenues completely empty at 7 pm on a working Monday. The unimaginable shown on TV sparked reactions that reverberated at many levels of the ongoing political conversation. The main character of the present story — the PCC gang — immediately jumped right into the debate as another powerful voice to be dealt with. Although the novelty left the media and politicians speechless at first, the blogosphere was quick in identifying and tagging the political motivations in every new fact. One of the main pieces on this level of the debate would be the Statutes of the PCC, which have been referenced in many blogs:

• “Article 16 (last one) - most important of all is that nobody will detain our fight because the Command’s seed has spread to all prison systems in the state and we have structured ourselves outside also. Although suffering many sacrifices and many irreparable losses, we consolidated our position on the state level and we will surely fulfill our national presence in the long run. In connection with the CV (Red Command) we will start the revolution in the country from inside the prisons. Our military arm will bring terror to the ones in power, the oppressors and tyrants who use Taubaté Annex and Bangu I [high security prisons] in Rio de Janeiro as society’s vengeance tool in fabricating monsters”.. PCC’s Statute - Nude Moon - Blog

• “Is PCC a leftie party? Well, if it is not yet, they’ve got plans to be, as they will try to elect two representatives in Ocotber. How nice, hum? As if it was not enough for us to deal with the PT [government party] gangs, now we will have a PCC congressional bench.” Is PCC a leftie party? - Resistência

• “Who would be interested in so much blood, fear and uncertainty right now? Who are the political beneficiaries of such tragic events? Everybody agrees that the recent events will seriously damage the main opposition candidate presidential campaign - Sao Paulo ex-governor Geraldo Alckmin… Many have already mentioned the PT connections with organized crime and international drug dealers. But, in spite of the extreme gravity of such charges, those denunciations were never looked into in a way that could clarify the facts.” Sao Paulo under attack… from PT? - The Fire Throat

[編輯] visceral reaction

Then the visceral reaction from security forces in Sao Paulo started to be noticed, firstly under the radar, but soon generally acknowledged by the mainstream media and authorities. There were also strong speculations about a possible deal with the PCC as the only explanation for the way the attacks abruptly stopped after a meeting between its main leader, Marcos Camacho (aka Marcola) with his lawyer and three São Paulo government authorities on Sunday night.

• “Attention please, friends!! I am asking everybody following this blog to help stop what is going on right now. The civil and military police, wounded by the PCC killings, are generating a Nazi-like state in our periphery. There are already more than 100 murdered ’suspects’ and none of them are from PCC. I already have four dead colleagues, not to mention the ones in the hospital. None of them had any previous filings with the police and that’s why I beg you to spread the word. People are dying with bullets in the back while delivering pizza, while going back home from work. The cowardly police tremble in front of real thieves but they are ready to kill someone who is simply going back home from work. It is a shame and, if they call this ‘duty’, it’s time for us to react with concerned citizenship, showing them that we do not want this slaughter. MARTIAL LAW FOR INNOCENT POOR PERSONS DECREED.” Attention - Ferrez

• “This is what some policemen are doing in the periphery, in the poor neighborhoods in which they also live, where the abandonment of the law is more radical and more rooted than in the central areas of the city. In those dark alleys the police fulfill their vengeance by shooting the pizza boy, or the guy waiting for his fiancé in the bus station, or the unaware group of friends that chats in some dark crossing. Or even the motoboy who was fleeing frightened — who told him to run? He must have done something… Are these policemen aware that this truculent and arbitrary behavior contributes to and builds the prestige of the big gang leaders, who become the only alternative for protection in these communities?” A voice of sanity - The dead

• I am very afraid of this [killing of anonymous ’suspects’]. I am more afraid of this than of any PCC, in any part of the world.

Urban Guerrilla / Dead in Battle - Nothing Simple is Ever Easy - Deinha in NY

• “The order to stop the riots came from Marcola during the night of the meeting through a note which read: ‘We are making everybody aware that the facilities (prisons) under our control will be normalized at 9:00 am tomorrow, when our brothers (leaders) will be taking their sun bath in Venceslau (high security prison).’ Although the PCC leaders stayed in their cells without sun baths, the rebels obeyed and ended the biggest simultaneous prison rebellion in the country, which included 73 prisons in Sao Paulo state. On Monday at 4 pm there were still 20 prisons out of control and at 8 pm they were all at peace — a strong indicator that the deal really happened”. Governor dealt with the bandits - President Lula’s Friends

[編輯] PCC's Power Arises from Communication in Prisons

If there is one thing that was crystal clear to all in the aftermath of the riots is that PCC’s power arises from its communication capabilities from within the prisons. The issue became spicier when a TV network showed what is supposed to be a cell phone interview with someone who presented himself as the PCC leader, Marcola, on Wednesday night. State authorities asserted that the interview was false and that it would be impossible for Marcola to talk to anybody as he is incommunicable in a high security jail.

• Following the wave of unprecedented violence over the weekend in São Paulo - coordinated by inmates from inside the jails with their cell phones - the Brazilian mobile operators are under pressure by the government to block signals in prisons, reported Cellular News. Meanwhile, in a related article, the BBC, reports on “a row which has broken out over an interview which a journalist says he got with a gang leader - via mobile phone from a maximum security jail”. Interview of PCC leader from jail by mobile phone - textually.org

• “Marcola demonstrated great capability for communication and media manipulation on Wednesday night, when he gave a cell phone interview to the Bandeirantes TV network. Besides presumably overriding the closed Differentiated Disciplinar Regime [high security restrictions] in which he is imprisoned, he portrayed himself as defending the society, saying that the police are putting the population at risk by promoting a war to respond to PCC movements, “in a war where both parties have great fire power, the citizen who has nothing to do with both parties will loose”. Marcola said that the PCC attacks were a reaction to the bad treatment in prisons.” Tropical Mob - Option Journal

[編輯] Paralyzed Sao Paulo

It has been a tense week in Brazil. Everything started to feel and look quite different from what we used to expect as ‘normal’. São Paulo was so paralyzed by fear of the PCC’s attacks that few noticed the official announcement of the members of the Brazilian soccer team that will play the World Cup in Germany. And the weekend brought a surprising interview with Sao Paulo ’s governor Claudio Lembo — of the conservative opposition party PFL. His words sounded like a leftist manifesto. He was clearly pissed by his abandonment by those having a direct interest in his success. — the ex-governor and presidential candidate Geraldo Alckmin and the ex-mayor of the attacked city of São Paulo and now gubernatorial candidate, José Serra.

• “Brazil is a country of many defeats, social defeats. We have an evil bourgeois, a very perverse white minority. Their wallets will have to be opened to eradicate misery, to help to create more jobs, more education, more dialogue and equal opportunities for all. If we don’t deal with the Brazilian mentality –especially of the white minority — we won’t go anywhere.” Cladio Lembo interview with Monica Bergamo, in Received by E-mail - blogless

When asked if his allies had supported him during the tense days, Claudio Lembo answered that Alckmin had called twice — “you know, phone calls are expensive“. Serra didn’t call and neither did former president and main opposition leader Fernando Henrique, “he was in New York“. “President Lula called, and was very elegant with me. I talked a lot with the President and he gave me a lot of support“.

[編輯] technology as multi-edged sword

These days of chaos and violence in Brazil have revealed technology as a multi-edged sword. Demons as well as Saviors can be unleashed through the expansion of something as simple as a cell phone conversation. When long-standing grievances and inequities are combined with the new tools of communication and as people who have never talked to each other before hurl their passions at one another, and trigger each other into action, we who struggle for open systems will be challenged to create and make firm a commons that is both democratic and civil.

[編輯] important update

Important update [05/23/2006]: The blogger / writer Ferrez quoted in my last post is being threatened after denouncing police action in the periphery of São Paulo after the PCC attacks and riots. He was interviewed by Agência Carta Maior before fleeing the city this weekend because of death threats.

[編輯] 翻譯

聖保羅市因為幫派攻擊而陷入癱瘓，迄今已經有一個星期了。巴西的部落格社群廣泛地針對這場史無前例的對峙，其各個面向加以討論。我們在此將層層疊疊、各種顏色的浪潮，流過越來越熱門與 impassioned 的巴西人個人新聞紀實、所產生的各種故事整理成一篇總覽。

[編輯] Negritude.de：失火的巴西聖保羅

「巴西聖保羅市有著一千七百萬人口與超過 200 平方哩土地，是全球第三大的都市與南美洲最大規模的大都會之一。這個巴西最現代的大都會，因其少數族群的多元文化、拔尖超高摩天樓與特殊風味的美食吸引力，常被拿來與紐約相比。在這些特色之外，它也是有組織犯罪的溫床。這齣令人不舒服與令人掉頭它顧的戲碼，當約 700 名「首都命令」（PCC, First Command of the Capital）的監獄幫派成員從低度安全的監獄被轉移到高度警戒的監所，以減少對其他受刑人的影響時，上演內容越來越醜惡。PCC 是幾年前在巴西監獄內部所成立的組織，原本是用來保障受刑人的權益。今日，PCC 在監獄系統外廣為散佈，並且形成有組織的犯罪團體，涉及巴西主要城市、尤其是經濟活躍的城市中的販毒、綁架與武裝搶劫事件。」

[編輯] Jaw of 1984: PCC 攻擊事件 (II)

「我想像文明的歷程是一種循環，因為我是在聖保羅長大的。舉例來說，在里約熱內盧，特權與貧窮緊密相連、有著近距離的接觸，在聖保羅則不是如此。從歷史的觀點，聖保羅因為它的都市擴張模式而與其他都市不同。聖保羅的模式將貧窮的群眾拋棄在都市的邊緣地區；創造了一個集中式的特權區域，由公部門控制成為一個有秩序地空間，邊緣的地區則讓它消失。這些區域不見了....現在，它們出現了！！PCC 的攻擊行動呈現了一種新的現實世界，撕毀了聖保羅與其他城市不同的偽裝與幻象。特權中心的擴張伸入了貧窮區域，跨越橋樑進入這個世界....聖保羅就跟巴西其他的都市一樣，建築在財富集中於少數人的殘酷不平等現實之上。」PCC attack’s (II) - Jaw of 1984

[編輯] Video by Spyk

video by Spyk

[編輯] 週一晚上，聖保羅空蕩蕩的街道...

一週前，全國民眾無法置信地注視著這些影像：週一晚上七點，聖保羅市最大的街道完全淨空。從電視上看到的這個令人無法置信的影像，是許多層次進行中政治對話的反應與回音。這個故事中的主角，PCC 幫派，突然地跳進爭論的中心，變成另外一個對話中既重要、並且不可忽視的力量。雖然媒體與政客頓時啞口無言、不知該如何論述，部落客們很快地找到了這些事件中每一個新事實的政治動機。一個很多部落格都引述的主要討論重點片段是「PCC 雕像」（the Statutes of the PCC）：

• 「第16篇文章（上一篇）：最重要的是，將不會羈押我們的抗爭，因為 PCC 的種籽已經散佈到全國的每一個監獄系統裡面，並且我們也在監獄外頭組織了起來。雖然犧牲了許多同志、以及許多無法補償的損失，但是我們在全國的層次上凝聚了立場，而且未來出現在全國人面前的理想，最終一定會實現。與 CV（紅色命令）聯盟，我們將會在整個巴西，從監獄裡面開始革命。我們的軍事武力將會對當權者、那些在里約熱內盧高度安全戒備的監獄中，使用 Taubaté Annex 與 Bangu 的壓迫者和暴君，作為織就怪物的社會懲罰工具的那些人，真正帶來恐怖」... 〈PCC 雕像〉，Nude Moon

• 「PCC 是一個左翼政黨嗎？嗯...如果它還不是的話，他們正有計畫要成為一個左翼的政黨，例如在十月選出兩位代表。聽起來不錯吧？好像我們跟一個 PT 執政黨幫派打交道還不夠，我們現在會有一個 PCC 國會席位了。」 〈PCC 是一個左派政黨嗎？〉，Resistência

• 「誰會對現在這麼多的血腥、恐懼與不確定感到興趣？誰是這些悲劇事件政治上的得利者？每個人都同意最近事件將會嚴重損害聖保羅前任市長 Geraldo Alckmin，主要反對黨的總統大選候選人選戰... 許多人已經提到 PT 執政黨與犯罪組織、國際毒梟之間的關聯。但是，儘管有著這種極端的改變，這些負面的宣稱從未檢視能夠釐清現況的事實 。」〈聖保羅遭受...來自 PT 執政黨的攻擊？〉，The Fire Throat

[編輯] 感受與回應

然後聖保羅的警察與安全單位的感受與反應開始被部落客注意。一開始沒有人注意到，但是很快地透過主流媒體與官方的管道而眾所皆知。也有很多人認為警方與 PCC 有達成協議，因為攻擊行動在 PCC 的領導人 Marcos Camacho（暱稱 Marcola）與律師，同三名聖保羅政府高層在週日晚上會晤後突然停止。

• 「朋友們，請注意！請所有持續關心這個部落格的朋友，幫助我們一起停止現在發生的這一切事件。在 PCC 殺戮事件中受傷的民間與軍事警察，目前在我們周遭營造出一種類似納粹國家的情境。已經有超過 100 名被謀殺的「嫌犯」，並且他們當中沒有一個是 PCC 的成員。我已經有四名同事過世，更不用提其他目前仍在醫院當中救治的同事。他們沒有一個人之前曾經與警方有所衝突，並且這也是為甚麼我請求各位把真相傳播出去。人們在送 pizza 時、在下班回家時從背後被子彈射擊。懦弱的警方在真正的盜匪面前顫抖，但是他們隨時準備好要射殺下班回家的路人。這真是恥辱！如果他們說這是他們的任務，該是我們這些關心的公民做出回應，向他們展現我們拒絕這種屠殺的時候！〈針對無辜可憐人的戒嚴令公佈〉，Attention - Ferrez

• 「這是某些警察在邊緣地帶作的事，在他們自己也居住的貧窮鄰里，比都市中心地帶更為激進地放棄法律、更草根。在那些黑暗的巷弄中，警方遂行他們的報復行動：射殺 pizza 小弟、在公車站等待未婚妻的年輕人，或者在昏暗十字路口的一群聊天的朋友。或者甚至這些摩托車男孩害怕地逃跑了---誰叫他們要跑？他一定做錯了甚麼事....這些警察是否知道這種激烈的對抗、任意的行為導致並且建構起大幫派領袖的聲望，變成這些社區唯一的最後保障？〈死者：清醒的聲音〉

• 我非常害怕這種對於不知名「嫌犯」的屠殺。我比害怕 PCC 更害怕這種在全世界任何角落裡發生的這些行為。〈都市游擊隊/在戰鬥中死去---不再簡單與容易〉，紐約 Deinha

• 「在會議當晚，Marcola 下達了停止暴動的命令：『我們已經讓所有人都知道，我們控制下的監獄將於明天早上九點恢復正常運作。我們的弟兄（領導人）將會在 Venceslau（高度安全警戒監獄）作日光浴。』雖然 PCC 領袖們待在各自的牢房沒有出來作日光浴，叛軍遵守、並且停止了國內的自發性監獄暴動，其中包括聖保羅境內的 73 座監獄。在週一下午四點，仍有 20 座監獄處於失控的狀態，晚上八點，全部恢復平靜。--- 這傳達了很強烈的訊息：真的有所協議，並且發揮作用了。〈市長與盜匪談判 --- 總統 Lula 的朋友〉

[編輯] 力量來自於監獄中的通訊

如果說在這些暴動之後，有一件事再清楚也不過的，就是 PCC 的力量來自於在監獄中的通訊傳播能力。當電視新聞網週三晚上播出經由手機的電話專訪，訪問號稱是 PCC 首腦 Marcola 的時候，這個議題就變得更為突顯了。州政府堅稱該專訪作假，在高度安全警戒的監獄中，Macola 不可能跟任何人說話。

• 緊接著週末這波在聖保羅發生的、從來未曾出現過的暴力行動：由監獄囚犯從獄中、透過手機遙控策劃主導，Cellular News 報導巴西手機服務電信業者如今面臨政府施壓，將對監獄內的手機訊號採取阻絕的措施。同時，BBC 一篇相關的文章報導，「一篇新聞記者宣稱針對幫派首腦、在高度安全警戒監獄中的手機專訪，目前引發許多爭議。」 〈PCC 首腦獄中手機專訪〉，textually.org

• 「Marcola 在星期三晚上被 Bandeirantes 電視新聞網手機電話專訪的過程中，展現了非凡的傳播與媒體操控能力。除了假設他在被囚禁的狀況下推翻了封閉系統，所謂具有高度安全控管限制的「區辨規訓體系」（Differentiated Disciplinar Regime），他把自己展現成為正在對抗這個社會，指控警方在針對 PCC 運動發動一場戰爭、讓民眾陷入危險處境，「在戰爭中雙方都擁有強大火力，倘若沒有選邊站的民眾將成為輸家。」Marcola 表示，PCC 的攻擊行動是對於監獄中（獄方或政府）的惡劣行徑的反擊。」〈熱帶盜匪〉， Option Journal

[編輯] 癱瘓的聖保羅

對巴西來說，這是一個充滿緊張氣氛的一周。每件事如今感覺起來、看起來都與以往所期待的「正常」情境大相逕庭。聖保羅完全被對 PCC 攻擊行動的恐懼所癱瘓，很少人注意到巴西足球隊參加德國舉辦的世界杯足球賽的正式聲明。這個週末有另外一個令人驚訝的專訪，保守派反對黨 PFL 的聖保羅州長 Claudio Lembo。他的發言聽起來像是一份左派的宣言。他被那些對他的成功有直接利益的支持者拋棄，像是前州長、目前是總統候選人的 Geraldo Alckmin 以及前市長、目前是州長候選人 José Serra 都不再支持他。

• 「巴西是一個有許多被擊敗者的國家。這些人是社會意義下的失敗者。我們有邪惡的中產階級，一群非常變態的少數白人族群。他們的錢包將被迫得打開來終止這些悲慘的情況，協助創造更多的工作、更多的教育、更多的對話與對所有人來說都一律平等的機會。如果我們不處理巴西人的心態（mentality），特別是少數白人的心態，我們將什麼事也作不成。」〈Monica Bergamo 透過 email 專訪 Cladio Lembo〉，blogless。

當被問到如果他的盟友是否在這些緊張的日子中有支持他，Claudio Lembo 回答 Alckmin 曾經打過兩次電話；「你知道，電話很貴的呢。」Serra 沒有打電話給他，而前總統與主要的反對黨領袖 Fernando Henrique，「他人在紐約」。「Lula 總統曾經打電話來，並且很高興站在我這邊。我與總統談了許多，他給我很大的支持。」

[編輯] 科技是一把多面刃的劍

這些日子巴西的混亂與暴力顯示了科技是一把多面刃的劍。藉由這麼簡單的手機對話，科技的擴張、影響力的浮現，揭開封印放出來的是惡魔，也可能是拯救的天使。當一個長期的錯誤、不平等的對待，結合著新溝通工具；當人們將其熱情投注在彼此之前從未相互溝通過，並且驅動共同投入行動時，我們這些為了開放系統而努力的人們將面臨到這些挑戰：如何創造、固守那些既民主、同時又文明的公共財。

[編輯] 最新消息

最新消息[05/23/2006]: 我上篇文章中所引述的部落客/作者 Ferrez 在揭露聖保羅邊緣地帶 PCC 攻擊行動與暴動後警方惡劣的行動，之後便遭受威脅。他在週末離開聖保羅躲避死亡威脅之前，接受了 Agência Carta Maior 的專訪。